The changes in public policy that have occurred are the result of a complicated interaction among government agencies, policy makers, and the particular characteristics of the policy itself. And for some, the effort was targeted from the beginning at system-wide reform changes to the juvenile justice system. Sometimes the reform was intended to address a fiscal crisis or some specific element of unfairness or program quality. Sometimes we found that innovations were initially focused on one particular aspect of the juvenile justice system, such as reduction in the use of detention, but in the process of addressing a particular problem, the initiative took on a larger focus and was scaled up geographically or was broadened to address other issues (e.g., reducing racial/ethnic disparities) and components of the system. More often than not, they exist simultaneously in a jurisdiction. These reform efforts have been frequently driven by the need to remediate harmful conditions of confinement, improve poor quality programs and services, and reduce costs-problems that are not mutually exclusive. During the past two decades, major reform efforts in juvenile justice have focused on reducing the use of detention and secure confinement improving conditions of confinement closing large institutions and reinvesting in community-based programs providing high-quality, evidence-based services for youth in the juvenile justice system reducing racial/ethnic disparities retaining most offending juveniles in the juvenile justice system rather than transferring them to the criminal justice system improving delivery of defense services and developing system-wide juvenile justice planning and collaboration (see Box 9-1).
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